Sewage Water Treatment - The Latest Technology Aff

All You Need to Know About Removing Solid Residue From Wastewater With Imhoff

Recycling and reuse of wastewater will do away with the need of using fresh water. The extent to which the processes involved in wastewater treatment are cost effective and easy to follow will act as an impetus. Hence discussing about the processes involved in wastewater treatment and their relative merits and demerits becomes pertinent.

Like Sedimentation tanks, Septic tanks (Imhoff tanks) can play a major role in the process of removing solids from wastewater.

Designed by Karl Imhoff of Germany, an Imhoff tank is an improved septic tank in which the incoming sewage or influent is not allowed to get mixed up with the sludge produced. Also, the outgoing sewage or effluent is not allowed to carry with it any large amount of the suspended matter as in the case of a septic tank.

**Construction and operational features**

It is a double chamber tank, the upper chamber is called the sedimentation tank or flowing-through chamber, through which sewage flows at a very low velocity; the lower chamber is the digestion chamber in which anaerobic or septic decomposition occurs.

Solids of the sewage settle to the bottom of the sedimentation chamber through the sloping bottom walls (slope 5 vertical to 4 horizontal). They are made to fall in the digestion chamber through an entrance slot at the lowest point of the sedimentation chamber. The slot is trapped or overlapped in such a way that the gases generated in the digestion chamber cannot enter the sedimentation chamber.

A gas vent, also called scum chamber is provided with the digestion chamber to take care of the gases escaping to the surface. The chief gas is methane (CH ) having a considerable fuel value and may, therefore, be separately collected for use. In order to prevent particles of sludge or scum from penetrating into the sedimentation chamber, the sludge and scum must be maintained at a distance of at least 45 cm below and above the slots respectively. The free or clear zone is called neutral zone.

The digestion chamber is made up of two or three inverted cones called hoppers with sides sloping (1 : 1) so as to concentrate the sludge at the bottom of the hopper. The sludge is removed periodically through sludge-pipe, the flow being under a hydrostatic pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 m. All the sludge is not removed, only the lower layers which are completely decomposed are withdrawn, leaving some sludge to keep the tank seeded with anaerobic bacteria.

To permit uniform distribution of settled solids throughout the length of the digestion chamber, so as to utilize the storage capacity in the greatest measure, arrangements for reversing the direction of flow through the tanks are commonly made.

**Merits**

Imhoff tanks combine the advantages of both the septic and sedimentation tanks and, as such find use in case of small treatment plants requiring only preliminary treatment. They have better economy and give good results without skilled attention with minimum problems of sludge disposal.

**Demerits**

(i) Greater depth means greater costs and especially where excavation is to be done in quick sand or solid rock, they become uneconomical. (ii) Unsuitable to acidic wastewater exists. (iii) There’s no adequate control over their operation. This makes them unsuitable for use in large treatment plants where separate sludge digestion tanks are preferred.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. To learn all about wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

This has also been published as: watertreatment processes on Zimbio

August 19

Water Quality and Pollution -- The Raison D'etre For Wastewater Treatment

Water as a chemical:

Pure water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It exists as liquid at ambient temperature.

Water - what it contains:

Water has both living and non-living organisms and substances in it. The living organisms can be further subdivided into macro- and micro- organisms. Macro organisms, which are biological, are those that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen through a microscope.

In contrast, microbiological micro-organisms are not visible even through a microscope.

Water quality criteria:

The quality of water is a function of several factors. These include its source, location, geological conditions, depth of water level, seasonal changes, domestic activity, agricultural activity, industrial activity, etc.

Excessive exploitation of natural resources and the use of technological advances with no concern for the ecology adversely affect air, water and land, alike.

The substances present in water can be classified as floating matter and suspended matter. Floating matter takes the form of leaves, twigs, dead organisms and algae. Examples of suspended matter present in water are silt, clay, decaying vegetable matter, bacteria, microorganisms, algae, insoluble iron, and manganese.

There are also dissolved impurities which include gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc., as well as chemical substances, minerals and salts.

Water sources and water quality:

Water quality differs according to the source. For instance, the turbidity in surface water is usually high, while ground water and sub-soil water on river beds are colorless and clear. Again, sub-soil water and ground water are more likely to have totally dissolved solids than surface water. The presence of hardness, alkalinity, fluoride, chloride and nitrate are all more likely in ground water than in surface level or sub-soil water. Bacteria and organic matter are more likely to be found in surface level water than in ground or sub-soil water.

Water pollution:

Water is essential for living, just like air. One may live without air for a few minutes. But, without water, one is sure to die within a few days. We all know about air pollution. Water pollution is also the gift of modern man to posterity.

How water gets polluted:

Pollution of water sources is caused by sewage and sullage from human settlements, dumping of solid wastes, wastewater from industries, and chemicals in agriculture. When foreign materials harmful to us are added, the water is sure to get polluted. Two readily such foreign materials that come readily to mind are industrial waste and sewage from cities.

Why we need good water:

We need good water for drinking by humans and animals, supporting aquatic life, generating electric power, irrigating crops in fields, and recreation such as water-based sports.

Thus the need for wastewater treatment can never be overemphasized.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on <a href=”http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com”>Wastewater Treatment</a> is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. To know more about wastewater treatment, click here: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

August 14

Wastewater Points To Think About - Part II

In a previous article, I listed some important factors you must take into account before you treat wastewater. These include the presence, in the wastewater, of acidity, alkalinity, hardness, and chloride, as well as the BOD and COD of wastewater. In this article, I have added substantially to the list. Before wastewater treatment begins, the following factors must also be considered.

Ammonia nitrogen:

This is derived from ammonium compounds and organic compounds in wastewater by aerobic or anaerobic digestion. Un-ionized ammonia is toxic to fish life. Free ammonia, in concentration above about 0.2 mg/l can cause fatalities to fish. Ammonia toxicity is not a problem in receiving waters with pH below 8.0. This can be estimated by distillation of wastewater at pH above 9. The ammonia liberated is neutralized in sulfuric acid. The excess sulfuric acid is back titrated with alkali. The estimation of ammonia can be done by any other methods like nesslerization or digestion.

Nitrate nitrogen:

Nitrate nitrogen in drinking water with high nitrate content often causes methemoglobinemia (blue-baby disease) in infants. The maximum concentration should not be allowed to exceed 45 mg/l. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite in digestive system which, in turn, attacks the hemoglobin in infants resulting in methemoglobinemia. Nitrate nitrogen can be estimated by measuring the optical density at 220 nm and 275 nm in spectrophotometer.

Nitrite:

Nitrite can also interact with amine chemically or enzymatically to form nitrosoamines which are carcinogens. This is measured by colorimetric determination using sulfanilamide.

Sulfate:

Sulfate is one of the major anions occurring in natural waters. Sulfates form hard scales in boilers and heat exchangers. Sulfate assumes significance in water and wastewater, as it is associated with odor and sewer-corrosion problems resulting from the reduction of sulfate into hydrogen sulfide under anaerobic conditions. Sulfate in water or wastewater can be estimated by precipitation with barium chloride, acidified with hydrochloric acid.

Phosphates:

Most of the synthetic detergents designed for the household applications contain large amounts of polyphosphates as builders. Many of them contain 12-13% phosphorous or over 50% poly-phosphates. The organisms involved in the biological processes of wastewater treatment require phosphorous for reproduction and synthesis of new cellular material. Phosphorous in wastewater causes eutrophication, which affects transportation in sea/lakes. The presence of phosphorous in wastewater needs to be controlled before it is discharged into the receiving water bodies. Phosphorous present in wastewater can be estimated through colorimetric technique, by adding acidified ammonium molybdate solution to form a molybdophosphate complex.

Nutrients:

Wastewater often contains large amounts of the nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of nitrate and phosphate, which promote plant growth. In severe cases, excessive nutrients in receiving waters cause algae and other plants to grow quickly depleting oxygen in the water. Deprived of oxygen, fishes and other aquatic organisms die, emitting foul odors. Nutrients from wastewater have also been linked to ocean “red tides” that poison fishes and cause illness in humans.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

This has also been published as: wastewater treatment on Zimbio

August 13

Wastewater -- Aspects To Think Of

There are some important things you must take into account before you begin wastewater treatment.

Acidity:

Can water be acidic in taste? Most natural water, domestic wastewater and many industrial wastewater are buffered by a carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system. Acid waters are of concern because of their corrosive characteristics and the expense involved in removing or controlling the corrosion-producing substances. Mineral acids are measured by titration to a pH of about 3.7.

Alkalinity:

When will the water be alkaline in taste? The alkalinity of natural water is primarily due to the salts of weak acids. Although, weak or strong bases may also contribute. Natural water contains appreciable amounts of carbonate and hydroxide alkalinity. Higher alkaline waters are usually unpalatable. Alkalinity is measured volumetrically by titration with N/50 or 0.020 NH2SO4.

Hardness:

Water is more often hard. Do you agree? Hardness is caused by metallic ions that are capable of reacting with soap to form a precipitate. Calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, strontium chloride, ferrous nitrate and manganese silicate are the major sources for hardness in wastewater. Hardness is determined using ethylene-di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) or its sodium salts as the titrating agent.

Chloride:

Chloride is a major contributor to the ‘total dissolved solids’ in water/wastewater. The chloride content of water/wastewater increases as its mineral content increases. Chlorides at a concentration above 1000 mg/l give a salty taste, which is objectionable to many people. Chloride concentration of wastewater is estimated by Mohr’s method using silver nitrate with potassium chromate as an indicator.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):

The strength of wastewater is judged by BOD. This is defined as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing the organics in wastewater under aerobic conditions, at a particular time and temperature. This can be referred as BOD5, which accounts for 70% of the total BOD. The measurement of BOD is based on the principle: determination of dissolved oxygen content of water/wastewater on the first day and dissolved oxygen content on the fifth day (‘5’ in BOD5 indicates this). The difference in dissolved oxygen concentrations between first day and fifth day is expressed as BOD of wastewater.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):

What does COD of wastewater mean? This reflects the concentration of organic compounds present in wastewater. This measures the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of organics into carbon dioxide and water. The oxidation of organics in wastewater is carried out by the action of strong oxidizing agents. Generally, acidified potassium dichromate is used as an oxidizing agent for the determination of COD. Silver sulfate is used as the catalyst for the oxidation of organics in wastewater during the determination of COD. Mercuric sulfate is added to control the interference of chloride in the estimation of COD. The method consists of adding a known concentration of potassium dichromate (added with silver sulfate and mercuric sulfate) into wastewater containing organic compounds to be oxidized in the heating condition. After oxidation, the excess potassium dichromate is back titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate.

Importance of COD:

Estimation of COD expresses the total concentration of organics present in the waste water. This measures approximately the theoretical oxygen demand of wastewater. The determination accounts for about 95% of the organic concentration in wastewater. This forms about 1.43 times the BOD of wastewater. BOD to COD ratio reveals the treatability of wastewater. If the ratio of BOD/COD is above 0.5, the wastewater is considered to be highly biodegradable. If the ratio is less than 0.3, the wastewater is deemed to undergo a chemical treatment before the routine biological treatment.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

This has also been published as: wastewater on Wordpress

August 8

How To Eliminate Solid Impurities From Wastewater

Wastewater treatment has taken on a new magnitude itself now, against the background of the danger of running out of fresh water. Wastewater is storm-water, water used for varied purposes, and sewage, enveloping the community.

Most urban social groups produce sewage from household as well as nonhousehold causes. Except when rightly treated, sewage water can harm the society and damage nature.

In this essay I have described removing solids from wastewater. How can we remove solids sinking to the bottom from the sewage water?

Simple. By means of a settling tank. It is made up of the units coming immediately below:

(a) Sedimentation tanks: either chemical or plain precipitation
(b) Septic (Imhoff) tanks
(c) Sludge digestion tanks

**Sedimentation tanks**

This process is implemented with the aim of withdrawing undissolved matter of mineral or organic origin from wastewater. After it has been subjected to pass through screens and grit chamber. These are the modules in which sedimentation is brought about. The less heavy organic sewage solids, which settle in the sedimentation tanks, are termed as sludge. Meanwhile the wastewater which has been cleared to a certain extent by the settling down of the solid particles is called the effluent. Both sludge and effluent should be processed further so as to make them stable and unobjectionable.

The settling down of the solids can be due to flocculation, gravity, or aggregation of sewage-particles. If curdling chemicals are not added to the sewage, the tanks are referred to as ordinary sedimentation tanks. As against this, if chemicals are employed for the purpose of bringing the finer suspended and colloidal solids into aggregates of large magnitude, these are then termed chemical precipitation tanks. Chemicals are appended to the sewage to hasten the settling in procedure. The chemicals employed are ferric chloride, ferric sulphate, chlorinated copper, alum, lime etc.

**Types of sedimentation tanks**

Sedimentation is effected either in vertical-flow or horizontal-flow tanks. The horizontal-flow tanks are normally rectangular while the others are normally circular.

In a 4 walled tank, sewage comes in, in a continuous stream at one end and flows out at the other side, usually over a small dam. Sludge is removed manually and deposited in sludge-digestion tanks. Scum formed above the mass is taken out by the mechanical scraper, with the help of a 2nd blade labelled skimmer, through a scum depressed basin.

Inside an upward-flow or circular tank, sewage comes in at the middle, rises upwardly to be pulled out by moving as a stream over a peripheral weir. Which is mounted on the surface. Such tanks, for example are particularly designed to make use of the theory of flocculation. By Which, small coagulated particles are collected into wooly masses of large size, which are more easily settled as mud on the floor of the tank.

Mechanical blades assemble the mud, accumulating it towards the middle, from which place it is withdrawn for further processing. The sediment removed effluent flowing over the outlet weir is accumulated in an outlet tube for finer treatment.

When only primary sewage is to be considered for treatment here, They might well be ordinarily labelled as primary settling tanks or primary clarifiers.

Meanwhile when sewage is marked for treatment at a second level, as in trickling filters or aeration tanks, similar tanks may then be termed as secondary settling tanks or secondary clarifiers.

**Design criteria for primary sedimentation tank**

As per the sedimentation tanks in water supply, the volume treatable is decided as per the space of incoming sewage and the necessary settling of solids period. The criteria include:

(i) time of detention: 1 to 3 hours. Longer periods result in higher efficiency than shorter periods, but too lengthy a period may induce sepsis and should not be allowed.
(ii) swiftness of flow: about 30 cm square/min.
(iii) surface loading: it may be noted the surface loading range of 30,000-50,000 l / m / day matches what is employed in regard to horizontal & vertical flow sedimentation tanks.
(iv) liquid depth of mechanically cleaned settling tanks should not be less than 2.1 m. And for the final settling tank for clarified sludge, above 2.4 m.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on “Wastewater Treatment” is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.

To learn all about diseases caused by wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

This has also been published as: wastewater treatment plant on Wordpress

August 5

Everything You Wish To Know About Discharging Solids From Sewage Water, Employing Imhoff Tanks.

Quality treating and reusing sewage will do away with the necessity of using fresh water. How much the procedures comprising wastewater treatment are costwise viable and easy to follow will give a kick start to employing water treatment. Thus discussing the procedures comprising treatment of wastewater and their pros and cons, becomes pertinent.

Like tanks using sedimentation, Septic tanks (Imhoff tanks) can play a major role in the process of removing solids from sewage.

Designed by Karl Imhoff from Germany, an Imhoff tank is a bettered septic tank in which the inflow of wastewater is not assigned to get blended with the mud brought forth. Also, the outflowing effluent is not assigned to convey any substantial quantity of the suspended matter as with a septic tank, featureswise.

**Construction and Operational characteristics**

It comprises a double chamber tank. The upper chamber is named the accumulation of gravel tank or flowing-through chamber, past which sewage flows at a very low speed; the bottom chamber is the digestion chamber in which oxygenless or infected disintegration happens.

Solids in the sewage sink to the deepest part of the sedimentation chamber beyond the slanting lower walls (slope 5 vertical to 4 horizontal). They are pushed to fall in the bottom chamber beyond an elongated aperture at the deepest part of the upper chamber. The aperture is provided with an airtrap in such a manner that the vapors formed in the lower chamber cannot make an entrance into the upper chamber.

A vapor outlet, also known as, surface skin chamber is provided with the lower chamber to take care of the gases going up to the surface. The main gas is methane possessing a significant fuel value and hence may be gathered independently for availing of. To avert pieces of scum or mud from entering into the top chamber, the mire and scum should be sustained at a space of at least 45 centimeters underneath and overhead of the slots, respectively. The clear or zone free of obstructions is called neutral zone.

The bottom chamber is made up of 2 to 3 reversed in position cones labelled hoppers, with sides slanting (1 : 1) such as to gather the mud at the bottom of the hopper. The mud is withdrawn now and then through a sludge-pipe, the flow conforming to a hydrostatic pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 m. All of the mud is not withdrawn, only the deepest layers which are completely decomposed. Some sludge is left to keep the tank laced with anaerobic bacteria.

To uniformly distribute settled solids in every part of the lower chamber, such as to use profitably the storage capacity to the greatest extent, preparations for changing the line of flow at all parts of the tanks, are normally put forth.

**Merits**

Imhoff tanks unite the pros of the septic and sedimentation tanks together and, therefore find deployment in the case of limited size plants needing only initial treatment. They are more cost effective and give good results without close supervision and with least problems of sludge disposal.

**Demerits**

(i) More depth of installing tanks means high costs specially where excavation is to be done in treacherous quicksands or hard rocks.

(ii) Imhoff tanks are unsuited to acidity in wastewater

(iii) Full control is not there in their operation. This makes them unsuitable for being deployed in large plants where separate sludge digestion tanks are chosen.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.

To learn all about eliminating suspended solids from wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

Keywords: wastewater treatment, recycling wastwater, reusing wastwater, recycling and reusing wastewater, removing solids from wastewater, eliminating suspended solids from wastewater, Imhoff tank, Karl Imhoff

This has also been published as: recycling and reusing wastewater on Wetpaint

August 2

The 4 Types Of Disease Caused By Organisms Through Tainted Water

Tainted water can cause four categories of diseases : water borne, water washed, water based and water related.

Water borne diseases can be transferred fecally or orally. Relatively many are due to bacteria; these involve cholera and typhoid, amongst others. Yet others are due to the phage virus or bacteriophages. Jaundice and infectious hepatitis occur due to these. Besides, others are the result of protozoans.
Amoebic meningo and amoebic dysentery typically represent these.

Water borne diseases could be anticipated by either: ensuring the fineness of drinking water, or avoiding using water from unclean sources.

Then there are some ailments that can be categorised
as water washed diseases. These diseases are transmitted from person to person, water being the
medium. Skin ailments, like conjunctivitis and leprosy rank among these. To stop the advance of water
washed diseases, you should ensure approach to a dependable domestic
water supply source. And also augment the quantity of water at hand, for cleansing, flushing,etc. such as to avoid sharing of the same water by many people.

Liver fluke and guinea worm diseases feature among water based diseases. Controlling snail populations, and filtering the water using a fine mesh cloth, in order to get rid of snails, larvae or
cyclops will help avoid these ailments. That aside disinfecting
contaminated water is usually also done.

Water related diseases refer to those spread by vector organisms. Malaria, filaria and dengue fever are
prominent among these. These can be prevented by
destroying breeding sites of insects. Also
you could reduce visiting these sites, and use mosquito
repellants whilst asleep at night.

Diseases originating from organisms, arising out of polluted water include Dracunculiasis, which is a guinea worm infestation.

The disease affects adult persons, when fresh water crustaceans cyclops are in the primary stage of larva.

The symptoms of the disease include a burning or
stinging feeling felt by the affected person, before the appearance of a blister. The blister then breaks open, and an ulcer takes shape, when the affected area of the skin is sprinkled with water. This happens when the female worm is
preparing for discharging larvae on the skin surface. Nausea and regurgitating may also occur with the initial advent of the
bubble on the skin.

Other diseases of biological origin channelled via contaminated water are Paratyphoid, Cholera and Typhoid,
Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, and Schistosomiasis, and
illness caused due to cyanobacteria, Cyclospora, and Naegleria.

Once again, the diseases given below also spring from microorganisms in contaminated water : Campylobacterios, Escherichia coli, and Shigellosis (bacillany dysentery), Plesiomonas infections, Aeromonas infections, and Yersinia infections, and Melioidosis, Legionnaire’s disease, and Pseudomonas infections, (aerobic, nonspore forming, gram negative bacilli).

Additionally, there are present some more diseases arising from organisms in tainted water : Mycobacterial disease, Tularaemia, and Leptospirosis, Viral hepatitis, Viral gastroenteritis, and Helicobacter infections, and Enterovirus infections,
Poliomyelitis, and Adenoviral infections.

Among these, Schistosomiasis may result in death a few times, if Katayama fever, happens
within 4 to 6 weeks of infection.

The harbingers include nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
flatulence, bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. In some
instances, as per ailments brought about due to cyanobacteria, skin rashes are common. In Cholera, renal and cardiac failure occurs, due to dehydration. TB and leprosy may be caused by Mycobacterial disease. Viral hepatitis shows
itself as liver pigments building up, in jaundice.

Author Bio:

To learn all about diseases caused by wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming
popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.

Keywords: wastewater diseases, polluted water diseases, contaminated water diseases, diseases caused by wastewater, diseases originating from wastewater, wastewater
disease, polluted water disease, contaminated water disease, diseases caused by wastewater

This has also been published as: wastewater diseases on Blogspot

July 31

Wastewater Treatment - How to Determine the Purity & Cleanliness of Water

Important wastewater contaminants and excellence factors:

The presence of contaminants in sewage causes the lowering of water purity and thereby prevents its recycling. The occurrence of these pollutants also impedes the straightforward getting rid of wastewater into the surroundings because it reduces the purity of the watertable and soil. Main sewage impurities are organics which can be broken down by organisms, occurring in household and industrial wastes, and bacteria occurring in household wastewater. Also included are suspended solids occurring in industrial, storm and domestic wastewater, and nutrients found in domestic and agricultural wastewater.

Other tainting substances are refractory organics e.g. surfactants, crop raising pesticides, and phenols appearing in crop raising and industrial effluents. Dense metals found in industrial wastewater, and inorganics liquified in water originating from increased water supply to domestic and/or industrial operations, also add their contribution. Organics which can be broken down by organisms bring about reduction of oxygen and building oxygenless conditions in large water bodies and land tracts receiving wastewaters. Then, pathogens result in diseases spread through water. Undissolved solids cause accummulation of deposits of sludge and reduction of oxygen levels in water bodies’ sinks.

Food matter effect oxygenless surface waters from growth of algae and possible pollution of ground waters. Organics that remain stable at high temperatures may taste or smell bad, and may be venomous or carcinogenic. Moreover, there’s a chance of biomagnification, or higher traces of toxins, in organisms higher up in the food chain. Heavy metals are toxic to earthly and aquatic organisms. Dissolved inorganics such as excessive salts may reduce the water resource pool’s quality, and interface with wastewater for reuse.

Sewage topics is usually divided as Tests, Quality factors, and Quality parameters.

The physical parameters include:

# Temperature (which affects rates of chemical and biochemical reactions)

# Viscosity, or level of viscous nature (which affects efficiency of sedimentation of settleable solids)

# Solubility of gases

# Odor

# Color

# Solids

The physical factors or characteristics help in assessing the state of household wastewater, whether fresh or septic, and its water based origins, for example, industrial wastewaters and/or ground water mixed with domestic wastewater .

The quality from the chemical standpoint of wastewater containing chemicals can be determined by studying the following :

# pH

# Alkalinity

# Chlorides

# Various forms of nitrogen

# Phosphorous

# Sulfur

# Heavy metals

# Toxic substances

# Gases

All said and done, there are tests such as COD, TOC and BOD which are employed to estimate the organic content either directly or indirectly, in terms of oxygen consumption by organics. The BOD test, which is extensively used now, estimates the biodegradable fraction of organic matter, solely. This is in spite of its drawback, that is, lengthy testing period - 5 days.

Strength:

The power of sewage is mostly based on the degree of dilution. The wastewater features can change a lot with day of the week, local conditions, and hour of the day and seasons, weather patterns and types of sewers.

Author Bio:

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.

This has also been published as: wastewater pollutants on Wetpaint

July 29

Sewage Water Treatment - Impurities in Sewage Wastewater

Sewage Water is polluted by a variety of organic matter.

Members of the animal and plant kingdom, and humans are the starting points of natural or synthetic organic compounds. Detergents, cosmetics, food, agricultural products, human excreta, and paper products, and wastes from commercial activities are all organic in origin and considerable in quantity.

Organic compounds yielded by the above sources are made up of trace elements such as hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Organic compounds including carbohydrates, proteins and fats are degradable by organisms; still, they can contaminate the medium in which they occur.

Large concentration of degradable organics in wastewater is dangerous to springs, seas and lakes since organisms use up oxygen in solution in water, to break down the wastes. This can deplete the supply of oxygen in the water required by aquatic life forms, causing the death of large numbers of fish, causing the rotten smell of decomposed matter, and causing overall deterioration of water quality.

Certain organic compounds are less volatile than others and cannot be decomposed instantaneously by bacteria. This calls for additional effort in treatment of wastewater. This is true with many synthetic organic compounds targeted at the farm and manufacturing sectors.

It is sad but true that some of the manually synthesized organic compounds and that belong to fried oils, and fried meats are poisonous to fish, humans and water plants alike but are frequently discarded in polluting ways by mixing with rain water harvested in storm water drains.

Hence, the receiving water bodies of tainted wastewater, such as lakes, seas, and oceans, kill or contaminate fish, rendering them uneatable. Such pollutants can bring down the success rate of the chemical treatment processes.

Contamination of wastewater by organic substances thus invites more efforts in waste effluent treatment.

Author Bio:

To learn all about wastewater pollutants, visit: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com . Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.

July 25

Sewage Water Treatment - The Latest Technology Affords Higher Process Efficiency at Lower Expenditure Outlay

The latest technology in treatment of waste water, called Advanced Immobilized Cell Reactor technology, obtainable presently, affords plus points such as:

* Up to 25% lower factory expenses
* approaching 50% savings in costs of operations
* Up to 50% lower maintenance costs
* approaching 90% savings in slush creation
* Up to 60% smaller footprint; may even be established below the plinth level or above the roof)
* Swift plant setting up (2 to 6 weeks for small/medium sized plants)
* Insures high purity level of treated water, as below:
(i) BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand): below 5 mg/Liter
(ii) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): less than 60 mg/Liter
* Conforms to EVA standards Meets all input parameters of effluent from big factories/ cities/ townships.

It has varied applications:
* Scaled down versions for both industrial and domestic applications.
* Can also be created in standard sized, skid-mounted form
* Can be easily set up in a savings mode in small scale residences, and in individual/ small business establishments like mini-hotels, restaurants, bakeries, and car washes etc., and in villages.
* Comes also with Sludge-absorption model for Domestic use
* May be used to permit recycling of water for objectives like gardening, washrooms
* Or just allow the flow of the processed water into the ground water.

What’s more, it is efficient to instal small sized plants employing this knowhow at anyplace on the globe, with locally sourced raw materials, in major part and in accord with generic rules. This mode of knowledge was realized in actual practice at many sites.

The ICR Advanced technology can also be applied to the processing of household wastewater. The mixing of organic, inorganic chemicals, and organisms, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic in nature make residential wastewater a complex amalgam. Old fashioned treatment techniques do not expend with dissolved organics and microorganisms adequately. In addition, the modules are not sufficiently developed to enable recovery of water for reuse purpose.

joint oxidation, biologically and chemically takes place in a particular apparatus. The reactor is built up of a tall column packed with activated carbon. The activated carbon is rendered immobile with chemo autotrophs. Gaseous oxygen needed for burning of organics in wastewater is supplied in the form of gas released under pressure from the reactor bottom. the revolution of gases and liquids enables the dissolved organics to burn and eliminate the converted products, so that the activated carbon maintains its activity till the end of the operation. The household wastewater treated through Advanced ‘Immobilized Cell Reactor’ system has reduced BOD by 94%, COD by 90% and sulfide by 100%.

But, the technique also has some limitations:

* sand filters are more permeable
* Maximum organic loading rate allowed is limited
* Performance is reduced due to the solids being suspended in wastewater.
* Treatment without oxygen is a must to reduce the wastewater slippage and thereby withdraw colloidal solids. This must be done prior to applying the AICR method.
* Many modules are needed to handle huge volumes in place of a solitary application.

All in all, the AICR technique can be applied across a plethora of companies. It has delivered results in wastewater treatment and getting rid of organics in sago, chemical industries.

To learn all about wastewater treatment technology, visit: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com/WastewaterTreatmentPlant.htm?utm_source=socnet&utm_medium=post&utm_campaign=advtech

Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.